TB-500
TB-500 is a synthetic 17-amino-acid fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 containing the LKKTETQ actin-binding motif, used off-label for soft-tissue healing. Corneal healing Phase 2 RCT (Dunn 2010) showed 58% complete healing vs 28% placebo at 28 days. Strong animal cardiac (Smart 2007 Nature) and TBI repair data; musculoskeletal use is preclinical + anecdotal. WADA-banned. Primary safety concern: theoretical tumor acceleration via angiogenesis promotion.
TB-500 scored 7.2 / 10 (💪 Strong recommend) on the BioHarmony scale as a Substance → Peptide.
What It Is
Type: Peptide (gray-market; thymosin-beta-4 fragment).
TB-500 is a synthetic 17-amino-acid fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 (Tb4), a 43-amino-acid protein naturally present in nearly all human cells at high intracellular concentrations. The fragment contains the LKKTETQ actin-binding motif responsible for Tb4's primary cellular function: sequestering G-actin monomers to maintain a ready pool for rapid cytoskeletal remodeling during cell migration, wound healing, and tissue repair. Full-length Tb4 includes additional functional domains for anti-inflammatory signaling, transcription-factor binding, and receptor interactions that the TB-500 fragment does not fully replicate. Most peptide-industry product marketed as "TB-500" is the 17-amino-acid fragment; some vendors supply full 43-amino-acid Tb4 under names like TB-4, Thymosin Beta-4 Acetate, or RGN-259 (RegeneRx's clinical program molecule).
Mechanistically, TB-500 drives three interconnected repair processes: G-actin monomer sequestration enabling rapid cell migration to injury sites, angiogenesis promotion (including epicardial progenitor activation documented in Smart 2007 Nature), and anti-inflammatory pathway modulation. This combination explains the breadth of preclinical tissue-repair evidence: cardiac infarct size reduction ~40 percent with 8-12 point ejection fraction improvement in animal models, dermal wound healing 42 percent faster (Malinda 1999), TBI functional recovery with increased neurogenesis (Xiong 2011), corneal epithelial defect healing 58 percent vs 28 percent placebo (Dunn 2010 Phase 2 RCT), and hair follicle stem cell activation in mouse models.
The evidence gap between what TB-500 does in research and how people use it is significant. RegeneRx, the primary commercial developer, stalled at Phase 2 in ophthalmology and never expanded programs to musculoskeletal indications. The musculoskeletal soft-tissue use case that drives approximately 95 percent of human use is supported only by preclinical mechanism and community anecdotal signal; there are zero human RCTs for tendon, ligament, or muscle injury recovery. The compound's ban by WADA (4-year first offense) and its use in equine racing (where authorities banned it specifically because it works) provides indirect evidence that it produces clinically-meaningful effects, but not at an RCT-grade level. The cancer concern deserves explicit treatment: Thymosin Beta-4 promotes angiogenesis and cell migration, both cancer progression hallmarks, and published in vitro and in vivo evidence links Tb4 overexpression to colorectal, melanoma, pancreatic, and lung cancer progression. RegeneRx excluded all cancer patients from trials. TB-500 does not cause cancer (no mutagenic mechanism) but could theoretically accelerate existing tumors including undetected ones.
Current status: Used it previously as part of the Wolverine stack with BPC-157.
Terminology
- Tb4 / TB-4: Thymosin Beta-4. Full-length 43-amino-acid protein.
- TB-500: The synthetic 17-amino-acid LKKTETQ fragment of Tb4 sold in peptide markets.
- LKKTETQ: The actin-binding hexapeptide sequence (Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln).
- G-actin: Globular actin monomer. Precursor to filamentous F-actin.
- RegeneRx: Pharmaceutical company that held the primary Tb4 clinical development program.
- RGN-259: RegeneRx ophthalmic formulation of full-length Tb4.
- Wolverine stack: Community combination of BPC-157 + TB-500 for soft-tissue healing.
- WADA: World Anti-Doping Agency.
- Phase 1/Phase 2: Clinical trial phases. Phase 1 = safety, Phase 2 = efficacy.
- COA: Certificate of Analysis. Third-party testing document for peptide identity and purity.
- SC / IM: Subcutaneous / Intramuscular injection routes.
- Tb4 (distinct from TB-500): Full-length protein; more expensive, less community precedent.
- NF-kB: Nuclear Factor kappa-B. Inflammation master regulator modulated by Tb4.
- TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury.
Dosing & Protocols
Dosing information is summarized from published research and community reports. This is not a prescribing guide. Consult a healthcare provider before starting any protocol.
View 2 routes and 4 protocols
Routes & Forms
| Route | Form | Clinical Range | Community Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| subcutaneous | Lyophilized powder reconstituted with bacteriostatic water | N/A approved for musculoskeletal; Phase 1 IV used 10-40 mg IV | 2-2.5 mg 2x/week loading; 2 mg 1x/week maintenance |
| intramuscular | Same reconstituted powder | N/A | Same as SC |
Protocols
Acute soft-tissue injury (Wolverine loading) Anecdotal
- Dose
- TB-500 2-2.5 mg SC 2x/week + BPC-157 500 mcg SC daily
- Frequency
- Per schedule
- Duration
- 4-6 weeks loading, then maintenance or stop
Community peptide healing stack. Combine with progressive loading rehab, not bed rest
TB-500 monotherapy loading Anecdotal
- Dose
- 2-2.5 mg SC
- Frequency
- 2x/week
- Duration
- 4-6 weeks
When BPC-157 unavailable or preferred solo
Maintenance post-healing Anecdotal
- Dose
- 2 mg SC
- Frequency
- 1x/week
- Duration
- Indefinite while benefits persist
Chronic tendinopathy, aging athletes
Corneal wound healing (clinical) Clinical
- Dose
- RGN-259 0.1% ophthalmic drops 6-8x/day
- Frequency
- Daily
- Duration
- 28 days per Dunn 2010
RegeneRx Phase 2 RCT; clinical trial setting only
How this score is calculated →
Upside (2.30 / 5.00)
| Dimension | Weight | Score | Visual | Weighted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Efficacy | 25% | 3.2 | 0.800 | |
| Breadth of Benefits | 15% | 4.2 | 0.630 | |
| Evidence Quality | 25% | 2.8 | 0.700 | |
| Speed of Onset | 10% | 3.7 | 0.370 | |
| Durability | 10% | 3.2 | 0.320 | |
| Bioindividuality Upside | 15% | 3.2 | 0.480 | |
| Total | 3.300 |
Upside Rationale
Efficacy (3.2/5.0): Corneal healing Phase 2 RCTs showed 58% complete healing vs 28% placebo at 28 days (Dunn 2010, RGN-259 0.1% Tb4). Cardiac repair in animals is striking: ~40% infarct size reduction, 8-12 point ejection fraction improvement (Smart 2007, Bock-Marquette 2004). Dermal wounds healed 42% faster at day 7 in animal models (Malinda 1999). TBI models showed improved functional recovery and increased neurogenesis (Xiong 2011). The consistent direction across multiple tissue types is impressive. However, the primary use case (musculoskeletal soft tissue) has zero human RCTs. The massive community signal is consistently positive, and equine racing authorities banned TB-500 specifically because it works, but the evidence base for the way most people actually use this peptide is anecdotal. Efficacy is likely real but formally unproven for the primary indication.
Breadth of Benefits (4.2/5.0): This is one of the broadest healing peptides known. Documented activity spans cardiac tissue (infarct repair, epicardial progenitor activation), neural tissue (TBI recovery, stroke-related axonal remodeling, neurogenesis), corneal epithelium, dermal wounds, musculoskeletal soft tissue, and even hair follicle stem cell activation (Philp 2004, mouse study). The breadth comes from a fundamental mechanism: actin dynamics and cell migration are universal repair processes.
Evidence Quality (2.8/5.0): 200+ PubMed entries for Thymosin Beta-4. Phase 2 RCTs exist for corneal healing. Phase 1 cardiac trial completed (halted for funding, not safety). Strong animal data across cardiac, neuro, dermal, and TBI models, published in Nature. However, for the musculoskeletal use case that drives 95% of human use, the evidence is exclusively preclinical + anecdotal. The RegeneRx clinical program stalled at Phase 2 and never expanded beyond ophthalmology. Significant evidence gap: better formal evidence than most peptides (corneal RCTs put it ahead of BPC-157) but evidence does not align with the primary use case.
Speed of Onset (3.7/5.0): Acute injury users consistently report noticeable improvement within 1-2 weeks. Chronic conditions typically require 4-8 weeks. The short plasma half-life (~2 hours) is misleading: biological effects (cell migration, angiogenesis) persist well beyond clearance. Compared to natural healing timelines, TB-500 appears to compress recovery meaningfully.
Durability (3.2/5.0): If the underlying tissue remodeling completes (wound closure, tendon repair, angiogenesis in ischemic tissue), the structural changes should be permanent. You are not masking symptoms; you are accelerating an actual repair process. Chronic or degenerative conditions will likely recur after cessation since the underlying driver persists. Maintenance dosing (1x/week) is common in the community for ongoing benefit.
Bioindividuality Upside (3.2/5.0): Acute, well-defined injuries respond best. The mechanism depends on having viable progenitor cells and an intact healing cascade, so older individuals with depleted stem cell pools may see reduced response. The equine data suggests high response rates in acute soft tissue injury contexts. Community reports suggest a meaningful minority (~15-20%) of users notice minimal benefit.
Downside (0.70 / 5.00)
| Dimension | Weight | Score | Visual | Weighted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Safety Risk | 30% | 2.2 | 0.660 | |
| Side Effect Profile | 15% | 1.1 | 0.165 | |
| Financial Cost | 5% | 2.2 | 0.110 | |
| Time/Effort Burden | 5% | 2.7 | 0.135 | |
| Opportunity Cost | 5% | 1.5 | 0.075 | |
| Dependency / Withdrawal | 15% | 1.0 | 0.150 | |
| Reversibility | 25% | 1.0 | 0.250 | |
| Total | 1.545 | |||
| Harm subtotal × 1.4 | 1.715 | |||
| Opportunity subtotal × 1.0 | 0.320 | |||
| Combined downside | 2.035 | |||
| Baseline offset (constant) | −1.340 | |||
| Effective downside penalty | 0.695 |
Downside Rationale
Safety Risk (2.2/5.0): 1,700+ patients across RegeneRx clinical trials with zero serious adverse events. That is a genuinely clean safety signal for the doses and durations tested. The real concern is cancer promotion: Thymosin Beta-4 promotes angiogenesis and cell migration, both hallmarks of tumor progression. In vitro and in vivo evidence links Tb4 overexpression to colorectal, melanoma, pancreatic, and lung cancer progression. RegeneRx excluded all cancer patients from trials for this reason. TB-500 does not cause cancer (no mutagenic mechanism), but it could theoretically accelerate existing tumors, including undetected ones. This is not a theoretical novelty; it is a pharmacologically plausible risk supported by published data. Additionally, the longest human exposure in a controlled trial was 14 days IV (Phase 1b). No long-term human safety data exists. WADA banned TB-500 (4-year first offense), confirming regulatory concern beyond just performance enhancement.
Side Effect Profile (1.1/5.0): Across both clinical trials and tens of thousands of community reports, the adverse effect profile is remarkably clean. Injection site reactions (redness, mild swelling) are the most common complaint. Transient fatigue and headache are occasionally reported, typically during loading phase only. No hormonal disruption, no organ toxicity signals, no cardiovascular concerns.
Financial Cost (2.2/5.0): Gray market peptide pricing runs $30-60 per vial (typically 5mg). Loading phase (2-2.5mg 2x/week for 4-6 weeks) costs approximately $60-120/month. Maintenance (2mg 1x/week) drops to $30-60/month. Compounding pharmacies with prescriptions are more expensive ($100-200/month).
Time/Effort Burden (2.7/5.0): Subcutaneous injection 2x/week during loading, 1x/week for maintenance. Requires reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, proper storage (refrigeration), sterile injection technique, and needle disposal.
Opportunity Cost (1.5/5.0): TB-500 stacks well with BPC-157 (complementary mechanisms). The Wolverine stack combination is the most common peptide pairing for healing. Does not compete with other recovery modalities (PRP, stem cells, red light therapy) and can be layered.
Dependency/Withdrawal (1.0/5.0): No physiological dependency. No tolerance development. No withdrawal symptoms. No rebound. You stop, and the healing effects simply cease. If the repair completed, you keep the structural benefit.
Reversibility (1.0/5.0): Fully reversible. Stop injecting; the compound clears within hours. Biological effects wind down over days to weeks. No lasting negative changes. Positive structural remodeling that completed is retained.
Verdict
✅ Best for: Active individuals recovering from acute soft tissue injuries (tendon, ligament, muscle strains); anyone healing from surgery; people with chronic tendinopathy or joint issues who have exhausted conventional approaches; users already comfortable with injectable peptides; those willing to accept anecdotal evidence for the musculoskeletal use case given the strong preclinical and mechanistic rationale. Best combined with BPC-157 for synergistic healing coverage.
❌ Avoid if: You have active cancer, cancer history within 5 years, or a strong family history of aggressive cancers (the angiogenesis/cell migration promotion is a real pharmacological concern, not a theoretical stretch). Pregnant or nursing. You are uncomfortable with gray market sourcing and the quality control risks that entails (mislabeling, contamination, underdosing are real possibilities without third-party testing). You are a WADA-tested athlete (4-year ban). You require strong clinical evidence before trying an intervention.
⚠️ Supply chain warning: TB-500 is not FDA-approved for human use. Most supply comes from research chemical vendors or compounding pharmacies. Quality varies significantly. Third-party testing (certificate of analysis, HPLC purity verification) is essential. This report scores the compound itself, not the supply chain. Supply chain risk would add 0.5 to 1.0 points to the downside if factored in.
Use Case Breakdown
The overall BioHarmony score reflects the intervention's primary evidence profile. These subratings are independent assessments per use case.
| Use Case | Score | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| 💪 Injury Recovery | 7.8 | Acute tendon, ligament, muscle strain accelerated; Wolverine stack community standard |
| 💪 Recovery / Repair | 7.5 | Strong preclinical across cardiac/dermal/neural; community signal for musculoskeletal soft-tissue |
| 💪 Wound Healing | 7.5 | Malinda 1999 42% faster dermal healing; Dunn 2010 corneal Phase 2 RCT 58% vs 28% |
| 💪 Eye / Vision Health | 7.0 | Dunn 2010 corneal epithelial defects Phase 2 RCT; RegeneRx most advanced clinical program |
| 💪 Stem Cell Support | 7.0 | Smart 2007 epicardial progenitor activation; Philp 2004 hair follicle stem cells; stem cell recruitment mechanism |
| 👍 Healthspan | 6.8 | Injury recovery, tissue repair, cardiac and neural regeneration support functional aging |
| 👍 Cardiovascular | 6.5 | Smart 2007, Bock-Marquette 2004 Nature papers: 40% infarct size reduction in animals; no human CV RCT |
| 👍 Skin / Beauty | 6.5 | Wound healing mechanism translates to photoaging; topical clinical development active |
| 👍 Anti-Inflammatory | 6.5 | NF-kB modulation; anti-inflammatory effects across tissue types |
| 👍 Traumatic Brain Injury | 6.5 | Xiong 2011 TBI model; growing clinical interest, no human RCT yet |
| 👍 Bone / Joint Health | 6.2 | Mechanism supports repair; community joint recovery signal; no human RCTs specific |
| 👍 Chronic Pain Management | 6.2 | Chronic tendinopathy and joint pain community signal; anti-inflammatory mechanism |
| 👍 Nerve Regeneration | 6.0 | Axonal remodeling post-stroke in preclinical; peripheral nerve pilot data |
| 👍 Longevity / Lifespan | 6.0 | Tissue repair mechanism supports healthspan; no direct longevity RCT |
| 👍 Neuroprotection | 5.8 | Xiong 2011 TBI animal model shows functional recovery and neurogenesis |
| ⚖️ Hair / Nail Health | 5.5 | Philp 2004 hair follicle stem cell activation in mice; no human RCTs |
| ⚖️ Strength / Power | 5.5 | Indirect via faster injury recovery enabling continued training; no direct strength RCTs |
| ⚖️ Acute Pain Relief | 5.5 | Indirect via accelerated injury resolution |
| ⚖️ Immune Function | 5.5 | Thymosin family immune-modulation; Tb4 specifically less immune-focused than Tα1 |
| ⚖️ Endurance / Cardio | 5.2 | No direct endurance data; indirect via cardiac repair mechanism |
| ⚖️ Hormonal / Endocrine | 5.0 | No hormonal disruption signal; mechanism orthogonal to endocrine |
Frequently Asked Questions
What does TB-500 actually do?
TB-500 is the synthetic 17-amino-acid LKKTETQ fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 (Tb4), a 43-amino-acid protein present in nearly every human cell at high concentrations. Its primary mechanism is G-actin monomer sequestration, preventing premature filament polymerization and maintaining a ready pool of actin monomers for rapid cytoskeletal remodeling during cell migration. Secondary mechanisms include angiogenesis promotion (Smart 2007 Nature showed epicardial progenitor activation), anti-inflammatory effects via NF-kB modulation, and stem cell recruitment to injured tissue. This combination of cell migration plus angiogenesis plus anti-inflammation drives TB-500's broad tissue-repair signal: cardiac infarct ~40% size reduction in animals, corneal healing 58% vs 28% placebo in Phase 2 RCT, dermal wound acceleration 42% faster. Musculoskeletal applications rely on mechanism plus anecdotal evidence.
How do you dose TB-500 for injury recovery?
Community-standard loading phase: 2 to 2.5 mg subcutaneous injection twice weekly for 4 to 6 weeks. Maintenance: 2 mg weekly. Total loading dose typically 20 to 30 mg over 4 to 6 weeks. The Wolverine stack pairs TB-500 with BPC-157 500 mcg daily for synergistic healing: BPC-157 covers GI and tendon-specific repair via nitric oxide pathways while TB-500 drives systemic actin-dynamics cell migration. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water (saline acceptable but bacteriostatic is community standard). Refrigerate reconstituted vials. Sterile injection technique required. Use 29-gauge or smaller insulin needles subcutaneously in abdomen, thigh, or near injury site (though systemic effects do not require site-proximate dosing). Rotate injection sites.
Is TB-500 safe? What about cancer risk?
Safety signal from clinical trials is clean: 1,700+ patients across RegeneRx Phase 1-2 trials with zero serious adverse events at studied doses and durations (most 14-day IV in Phase 1b, longer in ophthalmology). Primary concern is theoretical tumor acceleration: Thymosin Beta-4 promotes angiogenesis and cell migration, both cancer progression hallmarks. Published in vitro and in vivo evidence links Tb4 overexpression to colorectal, melanoma, pancreatic, and lung cancer progression. RegeneRx excluded all cancer patients from trials for this reason. TB-500 does not cause cancer (no mutagenic mechanism) but could theoretically accelerate existing tumors, including undetected ones. Longest human controlled exposure is 14 days IV; no long-term safety data. WADA banned TB-500 (4-year first offense), confirming regulatory concern. Safety Risk scored 2.2 reflects the theoretical tumor risk; absent a human signal in clinical use, not a full catastrophic floor.
TB-500 vs BPC-157: which or both?
Complementary, not competitive. BPC-157 is a 15-amino-acid pentadecapeptide derived from stomach juice with strong nitric oxide pathway modulation, targeted primarily at GI tissue (ulcers, IBD), tendons, ligaments, and muscle. TB-500 is an actin-dynamics cell-migration peptide with broader systemic reach including cardiac, neural, and dermal tissue. The Wolverine stack combines both because their mechanisms are orthogonal: BPC-157 at 250 to 500 mcg subcutaneous daily plus TB-500 at 2 to 2.5 mg 2x/week during loading. Community consensus strongly favors the combination over either alone for major soft-tissue injuries. Cost of the stack runs $60 to $120/month loading phase. For GI or tendon-specific complaints without systemic injury, BPC-157 alone is sufficient; for cardiac, dermal, or multi-tissue injury, TB-500 alone or the stack.
Is TB-500 the same as TB-4 (full Thymosin Beta-4)?
No. Full-length Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-4) is a 43-amino-acid protein containing multiple functional domains. TB-500 is the synthetic 17-amino-acid LKKTETQ fragment that captures the actin-binding motif but not all of Tb4's other effects (anti-inflammatory signaling, transcription-factor binding, and full receptor interactions). Most peptide-industry TB-500 is this fragment. Some suppliers (and some community users) prefer the full 43-amino-acid sequence sold as TB-4, Thymosin Beta-4 Acetate, or RGN-259 (the RegeneRx clinical program molecule). The full sequence is more expensive, harder to source reliably, and theoretically covers broader biology, but has less community dosing precedent. Nick prefers full TB-4 for general-health use and TB-500 for targeted musculoskeletal injury. Purchase decision should include third-party COA verification regardless of form.
Who should absolutely avoid TB-500?
Five absolute or strong contraindications. Active cancer, cancer history within 5 years, or strong family history of aggressive cancers (angiogenesis and cell migration are pharmacologically-plausible tumor-acceleration risks, not theoretical). Pregnancy or breastfeeding (safety data insufficient; Tb4 is involved in fetal development in unpredictable ways). WADA-tested competitive athletes (4-year first offense, career-ending for elite). Anyone unable to verify source quality via third-party COA (endotoxin contamination and identity failures are common in gray-market supply). Anyone requiring strong formal clinical evidence before trying interventions (most human use evidence is anecdotal despite 200+ preclinical publications). Relative cautions: recent major surgery without surgical team awareness, autoimmune conditions where angiogenesis modulation could influence disease course, and concurrent anticoagulant therapy (minor bleeding risk at injection sites).
How fast will I see results from TB-500?
Acute soft-tissue injury users consistently report noticeable improvement within 1 to 2 weeks of starting loading doses. Chronic tendinopathy typically requires 4 to 8 weeks of consistent protocol before measurable change. Cardiac and neurological applications in research contexts show effects over weeks to months. The short plasma half-life (~2 hours) is somewhat misleading: biological effects (cell migration, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling) persist well beyond drug clearance because TB-500 initiates processes that continue without ongoing presence. Community experience is that the loading phase produces most of the functional improvement, with maintenance dosing extending and consolidating gains. Chronic or degenerative conditions often recur within 2 to 3 months of stopping maintenance, suggesting the ongoing driver of the condition needs continued intervention.
How This Score Could Change
BioHarmony scores are living assessments. New research, regulatory changes, or personal context can shift the score up or down. These are the most likely scenarios that would change this intervention's rating.
| Scenario | Dimension shifts | New Score |
|---|---|---|
| Human RCT confirms musculoskeletal efficacy (d>0.5) | Efficacy 3.2→4.0, Evidence 2.8→3.8 | 7.8 / 10 💪 Strong recommend |
| Long-term safety study (2+ years, n>500) shows clean profile | Safety 2.2→1.5 | 7.5 / 10 💪 Strong recommend |
| Case report links TB-500 to tumor acceleration in humans | Safety 2.2→3.5 | 6.6 / 10 👍 Worth trying |
| FDA approves for any indication (legitimizing supply chain) | Evidence 2.8→3.5, Safety 2.2→1.8 | 7.7 / 10 💪 Strong recommend |
| Large epidemiological study in peptide users shows cancer signal | Safety 2.2→4.0, Side Effects 1.1→2.0 | 6.2 / 10 👍 Worth trying |
| Independent replication of cardiac infarct reduction in human trial | Efficacy 3.2→3.7, Evidence 2.8→3.3, Breadth 4.2→4.5 | 7.6 / 10 💪 Strong recommend |
Key Evidence Sources
- Smart N, Risebro CA, Melville AA et al. 2007, Nature. Thymosin beta4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization.. Cardiac progenitor landmark (Nature)
- Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD et al. 2004, Nature. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair.. Cardiac repair landmark (Nature)
- Dunn SP, Heidemann DG, Chow CY et al. 2010, Cornea. Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta 4.. Corneal Phase 2 RCT
- Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H et al. 1999, Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing.. Dermal wound model
- Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y et al. 2011, Journal of Neurosurgery. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with thymosin beta4 in rats.. TBI animal model
- Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. 2012, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications.. Clinical applications review
- Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. 2004, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development.. Hair follicle stem cell activation
- Crockford D, Turjman N, Allan C, Angel J. 2010, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications.. Structure and function review
- Sosne G, Qiu P, Goldstein AL, Wheater M. 2010, FASEB Journal. Biological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences.. Active site mapping (LKKTETQ)
- Treschow AP, Hodges MD, Byrne WL et al. 2007. Thymosin beta4 in cancer: differential expression and pro-migratory effects in colorectal cancer lines.. Cancer progression signal (colorectal)
- Mu Y, Yang YF, Li J et al. 2016, Cancer Biology & Therapy. Thymosin beta-4 promotes tumor growth in colorectal cancer.. Cancer promotion concern
- WADA Prohibited List 2024. Peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances and mimetics: S2 prohibited at all times. TB-500 included.. WADA regulatory status
Other interventions for Injury Recovery
📊 How BioHarmony scoring works
BioHarmony translates a weighted expected-value calculation into a reader-facing 0–10 score. 5.0 is neutral (benefits and risks balance). Above 5 = benefits outweigh risks; below 5 = risks outweigh benefits.
Harm-type downsides (safety risk, side effects, reversibility, dependency) carry a 1.4× precautionary multiplier. Harm weighs more than benefit. Opportunity-type downsides (financial cost, time/effort, opportunity cost) are subtracted at face value.
Use case subratings are independent assessments of how well the intervention addresses specific health goals. They are not components of the overall score. Each subrating reflects the scorer's judgment based on use-case-specific evidence, safety, and effect sizes.
Every dimension is evaluated on a 1–5 scale, and the baseline (1) is subtracted before weighting. A perfect intervention with zero downsides contributes zero penalty rather than a residual floor, so top-tier scores are actually reachable.
EV = Upside − Downside
EV = 2.300 − 0.695 = 1.605
EV ranges from −5 to +5. Adding 7 shifts to 2–12, dividing by 12 normalizes to 0–1, then ×10 gives the 0–10 score.
Score = ((1.605 + 7) / 12) × 10 = 7.2 / 10
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